Over the past twenty-some years, Europe has undergone a huge harmonisation of energy systems and liberalisation of electricity and gas markets. This was accomplished via four main packages of regulations and directives put forth by the governing bodies of the European Union (EU).

The most recent package, passed in 2019, is known as the “Clean Energy for All Europeans” package. It provides a massive rehaul of the EU’s energy policy framework, moving the bloc away from fossil fuels and towards a sustainable future. It consists of several laws regarding renewable energy (EU 2018/2001), energy efficiency (EU 2018/2002), energy performance of buildings (EU 2018/844), the internal market for electricity (EU 2019/943 and 2019/944), risk preparedness (EU 2019/941), and governance (2018/1999).

Several key features within the package should be noted. Consumer empowerment and protection is underscored, protecting Europeans’ right to a free choice of supplier. Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms (CRMs), a payment system designed to ensure security of supply within the energy transition, are also defined. And provisions for the unbundling of both Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs) are detailed, along with the establishment of a new pan-European association for all DSOs to promote coordination and the sharing of best practices.